人口与可持续发展

有限的资源不能支撑无限增加的人口，面对高速增长的人口，人们产生了种种不同的认识。本文分析了人口增长与食物供给，人口增长与生态环境和经济发展的矛盾；阐述了最大人口容量及经济最优人口计算需要考虑的因素和基本；提出我国必须坚持严格控制人口增长的政策，这是可持续发展的需要。     

大连地区水资源可持续利用问题思考

从水资源可用的战略高度，从生命之源-水入手，较详细地分析了大连地区水危急资源开发利用问题，从而，较全面地论述了大连地区水资源可持续利用的战略措施。     

细水雾抑制熄灭木材火焰的小尺度实验研究及简化模型

细水雾灭火技术以其环保性好、灭火迅速、耗水量低、破坏性小以及适用面宽等特点 ,已成为国际火灾领域关注研究的热点。以此为工程背景 ,开展了细水雾抑制熄灭木材火焰的小尺度模拟实验研究。利用热电偶测温系统、数码摄像机等仪器测量了细水雾作用前后燃烧场的变化特征。结果表明 :预燃时间、喷雾气压、细水雾作用时间等参数对灭火过程有显著影响。细水雾抑制熄灭木材火焰的主要机理是燃料表面冷却效应。从传热的角度建立的木材表面冷却模型与实验结果吻合较好     

我国沿海城市的生态危机与调控机制 --以长江三角洲城市群为例

本文以长江三角洲城市群为例。研究了我国沿海城市的生态危机、剖析了生态危机的根源并提出了调控机制。由于沿海城市的生态问题存在着较大的共性。本文提出的措施对其他沿海城市解决生态危机也有一定借鉴作用。     

生态足迹的实证分析--中国经济增长中的生态制约

本文通过中国生态足迹的实证分析，讨论了生态系统资源供给方面对经济增长的制约，资源生态足迹是生态足迹的主要部分，反映了经济系统的资源消费，计算发现，1961-1999年中国资源生态足迹持续增长，从1961年的3.3亿hm^2年递增到1999年的16.8亿hm^2年平均增长率为4.4%，资源生态足迹的增长支持了同期的经济增长，但是，实证比较发展资源生态承载力大大低于资源生态足迹，这些实证结果表晨；一方面，中国经济持续增长造成了资源消费持续增加，而另一方面，中国生态系统资源供给能力有限，不能支持当前的资源消费及其增长，由于自然资源是经济系统进行生产的特质基础，其供给不足必然成为经济增长的制约因素。     

Achieving Integrative, Collaborative Ecosystem Management

Abstract:  Although numerous principles have been identified as being important for successfully integrating social and ecological factors in collaborative management, few authors have illustrated how these principles are used and why they are effective. On the basis of a review of the ecosystem management and collaboration literature, we identified eight factors important for integrative, collaborative ecosystem management—integrated and balanced goals, inclusive public involvement, stakeholder influence, consensus group approach, collaborative stewardship, monitoring and adaptive management, multidisciplinary data, and economic incentives.We examined four cases of successful ecosystem management to illustrate how the factors were incorporated and discuss the role they played in each case's success. The cases illustrate that balancing social and ecosystem sustainability goals is possible. Collaborative efforts resulted in part from factors aimed at making plans economically feasible and from meaningful stakeholder participation in ongoing management. It also required participation in monitoring programs to ensure stakeholder interests were protected and management efforts were focused on agreed-upon goals. Data collection efforts were not all-inclusive and systematic; rather, they addressed the ecological, economic, and social aspects of key issues as they emerged over time. Economic considerations appear to be broader than simply providing economic incentives; stakeholders seem willing to trade some economic value for recreational or environmental benefits. The cases demonstrate that it is not idealistic to believe integrative, collaborative ecosystem management is possible in field applications.     

论生态农业与中国农业现代化

本文首先分析了我国农业生态环境存在的一系列严重问题，潜伏着巨大的危机。继而指出造成这种现象的原因是多方面的，既有不可忽视的自然因素，更有人为作用的因素。既有历史原因，也有现实障碍。京山县生态环境建设案例的剖析再一次证明生态农业是我国农业现代化的必然选择。最后本文在分析我国生态农业建设障碍因素的基础上，提出了发展生态农业的对策措施。     

Dissolved Ions of Trace and Major Elements and in Suspended Sediments in the Nile, Egypt

Dissolved ions and suspended participates from twelve water samples from Sohag (different localities) and Aswan (behind and below the High Dam) areas were collected along the River Nile, upper Egypt, which is at present affected seriously by pressure of population, intense industrial and agricultural activities, and atmospheric fallout. Eighteen trace and nine major ions in solution and fourteen metals in suspension were analyzed to establish whether elements are of anthropogenic or natural origin. Results of this study show that the Nile water was contaminated with high concentrations of dissolved lead, and with copper, nickel and mercury to a lesser extent, suggesting that these contaminants are generated from anthropogenic activities. the other dissolved ions in the Nile are of natural origin because their metal concentrations fall within the range of the normal background and average world dissolved values for inland waters. Results show that the usual constituents of suspended particulates in the Nile seem to be some metals (Cu and Zn) adsorbed on iron and manganese oxide/hydroxide. the results also reveal that most trace and major metal particulates increase from south to north due to activities associated with the dense population living along the Nile banks. No significant differences were observed between the chemical composition of trace and major elements taken on the east and west river Nile banks.     

The effects of leachate recirculation with supplemental water addition on methane production and waste decomposition in a simulated tropical landfill

In order to increase methane production efficiency, leachate recirculation is applied in landfills to increase moisture content and circulate organic matter back into the landfill cell. In the case of tropical landfills, where high temperature and evaporation occurs, leachate recirculation may not be enough to maintain the moisture content, therefore supplemental water addition into the cell is an option that could help stabilize moisture levels as well as stimulate biological activity. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of leachate recirculation and supplemental water addition on municipal solid waste decomposition and methane production in three anaerobic digestion reactors. Anaerobic digestion with leachate recirculation and supplemental water addition showed the highest performance in terms of cumulative methane production and the stabilization period time required. It produced an accumulated methane production of 54.87 l/kg dry weight of MSW at an average rate of 0.58 l/kg dry weight/d and reached the stabilization phase on day 180. The leachate recirculation reactor provided 17.04 l/kg dry weight at a rate of 0.14l/kg dry weight/d and reached the stabilization phase on day 290. The control reactor provided 9.02 l/kg dry weight at a rate of 0.10 l/kg dry weight/d, and reached the stabilization phase on day 270. Increasing the organic loading rate (OLR) after the waste had reached the stabilization phase made it possible to increase the methane content of the gas, the methane production rate, and the COD removal. Comparison of the reactors' efficiencies at maximum OLR (5 kgCOD/m(3)/d) in terms of the methane production rate showed that the reactor using leachate recirculation with supplemental water addition still gave the highest performance (1.56 l/kg dry weight/d), whereas the leachate recirculation reactor and the control reactor provided 0.69 l/kg dry weight/d and 0.43 l/kg dry weight/d, respectively. However, when considering methane composition (average 63.09%) and COD removal (average 90.60%), slight differences were found among these three reactors.     

东北农牧交错带典型区土地利用变化及其生态效应

东北农牧交错带是典型的生态环境脆弱区，具有敏感性强、退化趋势明显等生态脆弱性特征。本文利用1986、2002年两期TM/ETM影像，揭示了吉林西部16年来土地利用／覆被的时空变化规律，并依据Costanza R．等人对全球生态系统服务价值的评估方法。分析了土地利用变化对区域生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明：16年来，吉林西部土地利用／覆被发生了剧烈变化。耕地、盐碱地面积大幅度增加，草地、水域和湿地的面积大幅度减少，区域生态系统服务功能出现明显的衰退。生态系统服务价值显著地减少。吉林西部生态系统服务价值由1986年的767．1亿元／a下降到2002年的624．1亿元／a，减少幅度达18．6％，年均递减速率达1．6％。16年来该区域生态环境恶化和以经济利益为目的的土地利用结构调整，给区域生态系统服务功能和可持续发展能力带来巨大负面影响。